Summertime (song)

" Summertime " is an aria composed in 1934 by George Gershwin for the 1935opera Porgy and Bess. The lyrics are by DuBose Heyward, the author of the novelPorgy on which theOPERA was based, although the song is also co-credited toIra Gershwin by ASCAP.[ 1 ]

The song soon became a popular and much recorded jazz standard, described as "without doubt ... one of the finest songs the composer ever wrote ... Gershwin's highly evocative writing brilliantly mixes elements of jazz and the song styles of blacks in the southeast United States from the early twentieth century".[ 2 ] Composer and lyricistStephen Sondheim has characterized Heyward's lyrics for "Summertime" and "My Man's Gone Now" as "the best lyrics in the musical theater".[ 3 ] The song is recognized as one of the most covered songs in the history of recorded music, with more than 33,000 covers by groups and solo performers.[ 4 ]

Porgy and Bess
Gershwin began composing the song in December 1933, attempting to create his own spiritual in the style of the African American folk music of the period.[ 5 ][ 6 ] Gershwin had completed setting DuBose Heyward's poem to music by February 1934, and spent the next 20 months completing and orchestrating the score of theOPERA.[ 7 ]

The song is sung several times throughout Porgy and Bess. Its lyrics are the first words heard in act 1 of the opera, following the communal "wa-do-wa". It is sung by Clara as a lullaby. The song theme is reprised soon after as counterpoint to the craps gamescene, in act 2 in a reprise by Clara, and in act 3 by Bess, singing to Clara's now-orphaned baby after both its parents died in the storm. It was recorded for the first time by Abbie Mitchell on July 19, 1935, with George Gershwin playing the piano and conducting the orchestra (on: George Gershwin Conducts Excerpts from Porgy & Bess, Mark 56 667).

The 1959 movie version of the musical featured Loulie Jean Norman singing the song. That rendition finished at #52 in AFI's 100 Years...100 SongsSURVEY of top tunes in American cinema.

Lyrics
The lyrics for the song are:[ 8 ] Summertime, An’ the livin' is easy Fish are jumpin' An’ the cotton is high. Oh yo’ daddy's rich An’ yo’ mamma's good lookin' So hush little baby Don' yo’ cry. One of these mornin’s You're goin’ to rise up singin’ Then you'llSPREAD yo’ wings An’ you'll take the sky. But till that mornin’ There's a-nothin’ can harm you With daddy an’ mammy standin’ by. Repeat first two verses <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Heyward’s inspiration for the lyrics was the southern folk spiritual-lullaby All My Trials, of which he had Clara sing a snippet in his play Porgy.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 9 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-melnick_10-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 10 ] The lyrics have been highly praised by Stephen Sondheim. Writing of theOPENING line, he says <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">That "and" is worth a great deal of attention. I would write "Summertime when" but that "and" sets up a tone, a whole poetic tone, not to mention a whole kind of diction that is going to be used in the play; an informal, uneducated diction and a stream of consciousness, as in many of the songs like "My Man's Gone Now". It's the exact right word, and that word is worth its weight inGOLD. "Summertime when the livin' is easy" is a boring line compared to "Summertime and". The choices of "ands" [and] "buts" become almost traumatic as you are writing a lyric – or should, anyway – because each one weighs so much.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 11 ]

Music
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Musicologist K. J. McElrath wrote of the song:<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-jazzstandards_7-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 7 ] <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">Gershwin was remarkably successful in his intent to have this sound like a folk song. This is reinforced by his extensive use of thepentatonic scale (C–D–E–G–A) in the context of the A minor tonality and a slow-moving harmonic progression that suggests a “blues”. Because of these factors, this tune has been a favorite of jazz performers for decades and can be done in a variety of tempos and styles. <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">While in his own description, Gershwin did not use any previously composed spirituals in hisOPERA, Summertime is often considered an adaptation of the African American spiritual Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child, which ended the play version ofPorgy.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-melnick_10-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 10 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 12 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 13 ] Alternatively, the song has been proposed as an amalgamation of that spiritual and the Ukrainian Yiddish lullaby Pipi-pipipee.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 14 ] The Ukrainian-Canadian composer and singer Alexis Kochan has suggested that some part of Gershwin's inspiration may have come from having heard the Ukrainian lullaby, Oi Khodyt Son Kolo Vikno (A Dream Passes By TheWINDOWS) at a New York City performance by Alexander Koshetz's Ukrainian National Chorus in 1929 (or 1926).<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 15 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Other_versions" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Other versions
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">There are over 25,000 recordings of "Summertime".<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 16 ] In September 1936, a recording by Billie Holiday was the first to hit the US pop charts, reaching no. 12.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-jazzstandards_7-2" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 7 ] Other versions to make the pop charts include those by Sam Cooke (US no. 81, 1957), Al Martino (UK no. 49, 1960), The Marcels (US no. 78, 1961), Rick Nelson (US no. 89, 1962), and the Chris Columbo Quintet (US no. 93, 1963).<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 17 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 18 ] The Zombies released their version in January 1965 on their debut LP The Zombies. The most commercially successful version was byBilly Stewart, who reached no. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, and no. 7 on the R&B chart in 1966;<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 19 ] his version reached no. 39 in the UK.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 20 ] Janis Joplin's version with Big Brother and the Holding Company has been highly praised.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 21 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 22 ] David Starkey in his article "Summertime" says that Joplin sings the song "with the authority of a very old spirit."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 23 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In Britain, a version by the Fun Boy Three reached no. 18 on the singles chart in 1982.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 24 ] Lynda Carter covered this song on her 2009 jazz album At Last. Scottish singer and ex-Eurythmics member Annie Lennox covered "Summertime" on her album with jazz standards Nostalgia in 2014. Jazz pianist, vocalist and musician Norah Jones gave her interpretation of this classic standard in 2003 in a live performance with Marian McPartland.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">The song "Doin' Time" by Sublime starts with the words "Summertime and the living's easy"<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 25 ] and contains elements of "Summertime".<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 26 ]